Contents:
- Mystery of Fundamental Interactions.
People noticed a long time ago that in nature there are two main opposite directions of interaction: attraction and repulsion. They attributed it to gods responsible for creation and destruction. Then came the era of the scientific approach, and physicists began to call these phenomena “forces” (electromagnetic, gravitational, strong nuclear, weak nuclear). However, in order for such an approach to differ from a religious one, an explanation of the physical mechanism of the work of such forces is needed.
All interactions that we have been able to study demonstrate the same patterns that can be described by the ratios of the whole numbers. The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics considers them to be manifestations of interacting discrete entities. It is the corpuscular model, which can be briefly described as follows: everything complex consists of simple parts; simple parts in their depths consist of the simplest parts (elementary particles). Within this view, there is a generally accepted answer to the question of the mechanism that can be formulated in a simple way: fundamental interactions are about real particles exchanging virtual particles. But it does not clarify the exchange mechanism itself and returns us to the original question. The model posits that real particles emit and absorb virtual ones. But again, it does not explain why this emission and absorption lead to attraction and repulsion. The common version of the answer is that particles attract anti-particles and repel particles. This leads us to a circular logic fallacy: particles interact in a specific way because they are of a certain type, which is explained by the way of interaction. Moreover, the use of virtual non-observable entities as the hypothetical carriers of interaction leaves us within the most ancient religious picture of the world — animism. According to it, there are many virtual spirits in the world, which are responsible for the phenomena observed in it. But it is not about a physical mechanism and is not about science.
Thus, in spite of mainstream models’ claims that the issue of interactions is solved, the mystery remains. This chapter briefly describes the contradictions of the standard paradigm and offers the way out. It gets back to the basic hypothesis about the interaction mechanism offered in the previous part of the study and serves as the source of the Theory of Energy Harmony as a unifying model of interactions that will be clarified in detail in further chapters.
- Energy Balance.
This chapter deals with another old observation that has not yet been explained: the law of conservation of energy. Trying to explain it within the prevailing corpuscular paradigm of the Standard Model of particle physics creates more magical properties of the virtual particles: they appear from nowhere and disappear into nowhere or travel back in time, defying any sense of physical causality. They even defy the fundamental balance law itself: according to the model, some particles have more energy than the particles that created them. Mathematical tricks in the form of special ‘operators’ responsible for particle birth and annihilation do not save the model from the fact that it operates with ghosts. The chapter begins to take the reader out of SM’s ‘wonderland’ onto the solid ground of physical sense by explaining why fundamental energy-mass relationship and wave function equations can have both a positive and a negative solution and why the balance is working. It explains the binary nature of the fundamental oscillations of energy without using the hypothesis of particles and antiparticles proposed in the framework of the SM, thus avoiding a number of contradictory conclusions of the old theory.
- Phantom Particles and Real Wave Physics.
This chapter deals with wave-particle duality, which is considered a compromise that avoids the contradictions of a corpuscular paradigm. Some think the issue has been settled. But calling something a compromise does not mean it got rid of the problems. Moreover, the name ‘wave-particle duality’ is nominal, as SM speaks exclusively about particles. Thus, it states such oxymorons: interference of an indivisible, elementary particle with itself; an indivisible particle has wavelength and frequency; interference patterns are not physical wave patterns, but waves of the probability of particles being here, there, or anywhere; a particle behaves either as a particle or as a wave to fool the experimenter. Richard Feynman called it “the mysterious behavior in its most strange form … which is impossible, absolutely impossible, to explain in any classical way.” Half a century has passed since this confession of one of the founding fathers of SM. Still, it has not been explained in any way if we do not consider the usual references to the magical quantum properties of virtual particles. The chapter shows that the mystery can be solved in a classical (physical) way without any problem.
- Back to Basics.
This chapter takes us back to the issues that, to many people, seem to have been resolved a long time ago. It is an illusion. Even though our modern civilization rests upon the practical use of electromagnetic interaction, no model has explained it so far. Here again, changing the wording from powers of God to lines of force or the power of the electromagnetic field does not mean that we are talking physics. Without explaining the mechanism, we are walking in a circle. The chapter describes the riddles of electromagnetic interaction and takes each one under the scrutiny of a new model showing how they can be resolved.
- Solving the Interactions Puzzle.
This chapter proceeds from the hypothesis that all types of fundamental interactions (strong nuclear, weak nuclear, electromagnetic, gravitational) are different levels of the same mechanism of interaction proposed in the Theory of Energy Harmony and describes various phenomena from this point of view. It goes from everyday electric currents to superconductivity. It explains ‘quantum entanglement’ in a classical way without any quantum mysteries and keeps physical and common sense intact. It looks at gravitation as a real interaction and not some illusion created by the space-time phantom curvature. It even deals with the old mystery of the two sides of this interaction, thus changing the perspective. There is not only gravitation but repulsion and balance as with any other type of energy process.
- Hydrodynamic Analogy.
This chapter widens the scope of the model to interactions that are not considered fundamental. It shows that the regularities of all known energy interactions are the same and can be explained by the universal mechanism. It takes us back to the old experiments in hydrodynamics that have shown complete analogy to other interactions but were put aside by the mainstream for the lack of an explanation. The chapter returns to the initial descriptive hydrodynamic analogy used at the onset of the electrodynamics and gives it a new boost by answering why manifestations of various processes are analogous. It shows why the good old classical formulas derived empirically and describing various interactions look identical but only use different symbols for parameters. Thus, it takes them from the phenomenological model level to a model with explanatory power.
- Cancelling the Void.
Why does the mainstream avoid analogies of interactions in the clearly tangible environment like water with interactions that are going on in ‘empty’ space? The answer is in the question: they consider it empty. What mediators can carry interactions in the void? It can only be done by virtual particles flying through it. Standard Model started from the invention of massless photons as carriers of light and proceeded with a never-ending list of the ‘particle zoo.’ For some reason, the stories of incorporeal angels carrying interactions on their wings through the void are considered scientific to this day.
The chapter shows at what cross-road was the wrong turn to the dead-end taken and brings us back to another possible road where we may see the light at the end of the tunnel. There is no sense in reviving the old mechanical models of the energy environment (‘ether models’) as they had internal inconsistencies and contradicted some of the observed phenomena. But there is still less sense in talking about the void if we want to talk physics. The energy environment is certainly not a void, but it is also not a mechanical set of discrete pieces. Energy is also not some entity separate from matter. The chapter shows the mistakes of such a direction of thought and describes the way out of the impasse. It demonstrates physically plausible characteristics of the energy continuum that are in line with the empirical data we have and gives a direction for further investigation of this so far largely uncharted territory.
- Nuclear Reaction from a New Perspective.
Whatever scale of Matter we are studying, the question of the medium remains. Current nuclear level theories are based on the planetary model of an atom with ‘balls’ of particles flying in the void between them. To explain the observed phenomena of nuclear reactions, the model invents new virtual particles. But the result is that the theory does not have explanatory and predictive power. SM is just smart in the art of producing equations in which the number of virtual particles and their mysterious quantum properties are adjusted to the result of empirical studies.
Theory drags behind, and practical progress is not due to a good model but happens despite the bad model. The hierarchy of ghosts invented by SM is so complicated that people associate it with the complexity of nature. But nature demonstrates the same regularities in all kinds of energy interactions. Its mathematics is extremely simple and boils down to ratios of integer numbers. The chapter offers solutions without any unnecessary complication and multiplication of entities. It looks at the results of old experiments and at some recent ones that just couldn’t happen within predictions of SM but are elegantly explained by the Theory of Energy Harmony.
- The Way to a Unified Theory.
The search for a unified theory of interactions has been going on for a long time. All prominent theoretical physicists tried to work out some kind of integrated model. There are many examples, but if we take just one, we can see the problem. Grand Unified Theory tries to combine electromagnetic, weak and strong forces in one model by inventing a new force. The model says it just has to exist to unify other forces. The trick is an old one: if you do not have an explanation of a physical mechanism, just say it’s the mysterious ways of a virtual entity that you invent to explain things.
Why does the unification of different interactions not happen within our modeling process? Is it because physical regularities are various? No, they are fundamentally universal. But theoretical splitting is so strong that it has become strict segregation. The chapter shows how discoveries and adequate physical modeling explaining the observed energy interactions in one area of study do not reflect on the others that have put blinkers of SM on their eyes. It takes a wide range of areas and a broad historical view of the ideas and experiments that lead us to the conclusion that seems obvious in hindsight: analogy makes sense. If the same equations can describe the systems, this means that they are physically similar. And vice versa: if systems have the same underlying physical mechanism, they can be described with the same words and symbols. The details may vary as we may be looking at different levels of the same process, but the essence remains the same.
The chapter shows how the Theory of Energy Harmony unifies not only fundamental interactions but all known energy interactions. It claims to combine all similar phenomena into a coherent and consistent model by looking at them as processes in a continuous oscillatory energy environment with various levels where parameter details differ, but regularities are the same as they are manifestations of the universal physical mechanism.
- Harmonization of Chaos.
This chapter is devoted to the previous studies of the proposed mechanism, thus showing that the new theory is not a ‘heaven-sent’ revelation but has a long history and is grounded on empirical research, theoretical modeling, intuitive and mathematical descriptions made by generations of scientists. It just takes their ideas a little further, thus overcoming the pathological state of disintegration and segregation of various fields of study.
The chapter continues to describe the mechanism and explains why it is the answer to the ancient ontological question: how does order appear from chaos? We can harmonize our understanding of this world, which has general laws of energy transformation and interaction of forms of matter. Harmonization of the chaos of our views on reality will lead to harmonious interaction with this reality.
The chapter also contains bridges to the following volumes that will take us from non-living to living Matter, starting from the general levels of description and going down to the finest physical, physiological and technological details on how living systems form, function, develop and adapt to the world in which they exist.